ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo determine the chemical constituents of burdock （Arctium lappa） leaves， and elucidate dynamic accumulation rule of four main components， in order to provide the basis for determining the suitable harvest time of burdock leaves. MethodSilica gel， macroporous resin， Sephadex LH-20， octadecylsilane chemically bonded silica （ODS）， microporous resin （MCI） column chromatography and reversed-phase preparative high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） were used to isolate the main chemical constituents in burdock leaves. Their chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques. HPLC-diode array detector （DAD） was used to analyze the dynamic accumulation of four components in burdock leaf. HPLC-DAD was performed on a Shim-pack GIST C18 column （4.6 mm×250 mm， 5 μm） with mobile phase of acetonitrile （A）-0.3% phosphoric acid aqueous solution （B） （0-9 min， 13%A； 9-10 min， 13%-24%A； 10-30 min， 24%A）， flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1， column temperature of 40 ℃， and detection wavelength at 328 nm. ResultSeventeen compounds were isolated from burdock leaves， and identified as caffeic acid （1）， rutin （2）， kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside （3）， quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （4）， kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （5）， chlorogenic acid （6）， isochlorogenic acid A （7）， daucosterol （8）， ursolic acid （9）， anemarrhenoside B （10）， （-）-secoisolariciresinol （11）， vladinol D （12）， melitensin （13）， esculetin （14）， 1-（-2-ethylphenyl）-1，2-ethanediol （15）， 1-（-4-ethylphenyl）-1，2-ethanediol （16）， 3-hydroxy-1-（4-hydroxy-3，5-dimethoxyphenyl）-1-propanone （17）. The contents of chlorogenic acid， rutin and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside in burdock leaves showed an upward trend from April to August， and reached the highest in August. And the content of isochlorogenic acid A firstly increased and then decreased from April to August， and reached the highest in July. ConclusionCompounds 10， 12-17 were isolated from Arctium for the first time. Taking the contents of chlorogenic acid， rutin， kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside， and isochlorogenic acid A as indicators， considering the comprehensive development and utilization of burdock roots and leaves， it is recommended to harvest burdock leaves in mid-August.
ABSTRACT
The central nervous system can produce a variety of neuroimmune factors including interleukin-6. This article reviewed the expression and signaling pathways of interleukin-6 and its receptors in the central nervous system, and advances in interleukin-6 in the regulation of central nervous system related diseases, cognitive behaviors and synaptic function, which suggested that interleukin-6 involves in various physiological or pathological functions in the central nervous system and affects central nervous system in multiple layers such as protein expression, signal transduction, neurological function, and synaptic transmission. Interleukin-6 is expected to be a biological marker in the specific state of the central nervous system. In addition, interleukin-6 can regulate the function of neurons and synapses and is an important molecule involved in synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory. Strengthening the research on the biological function and mechanism of interleukin-6 and timely regulating the interleukin-6 expression will provide a new perspective for the treatment of the central nervous system related diseases.
ABSTRACT
The central nervous system can produce a variety of neuroimmune factors including interleukin-6. This article reviewed the expression and signaling pathways of interleukin-6 and its receptors in the central nervous system, and advances in interleukin-6 in the regulation of central nervous system related diseases, cognitive behaviors and synaptic function, which suggested that interleukin-6 involves in various physiological or pathological functions in the central nervous system and affects central nervous system in multiple layers such as protein expression, signal transduction, neurological function, and synaptic transmission. Interleukin-6 is expected to be a biological marker in the specific state of the central nervous system. In addition, interleukin-6 can regulate the function of neurons and synapses and is an important molecule involved in synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory. Strengthening the research on the biological function and mechanism of interleukin-6 and timely regulating the interleukin-6 expression will provide a new perspective for the treatment of the central nervous system related diseases.